Center Resources
Legislative Testimony:
Agricultural Law Brief Articles:
- 2011
- Pennsylvania’s Milk Marketing Board Maintains Current Over-Order Premium (July 2011) (see page 2)
- 2010
- High Level Expert Group on Milk Issues Recommendations for EU Dairy Sector
(July 2010) (see page 2) - Pennsylvania Milk Marketing Board Issues Order to Increase Milk Prices Received by Pennsylvania Dairy Farmers (July 2010)
- USDA Limits Producer-Handler Exemption from Requirements of Milk Marketing Orders
(Apr. 2010) (see page 2) - USDA Announces Combined $350 Million Financial Assistance for Dairy Producers
(Jan. 2010)
- High Level Expert Group on Milk Issues Recommendations for EU Dairy Sector
- 2009
- Dairy Crisis Prompts Implementation of Short-Term Measures in Pennsylvania, United States, and Europe (Nov. 2009) (see page 2)
- EU Agriculture Commissioner Proposes Measures in Response to International Dairy Crisis
(Oct. 2009) (see page 2) - Revised Milk Income Loss Contract Program Regulations Promulgated by USDA
(Jan. 2009) (see page 2) - Senators Specter and Casey Introduce Legislation to Reform Milk Pricing System
(May 2009) (see page 2) - USDA Establishes Amount of Subsidies Available Through Dairy Export Incentive Program
(Aug. 2009) (see page 2)
Statutes
Federal:
- Agricultural Adjustment Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 601 et seq.
- Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, 7 U.S.C. §§ 601-14; 671-74
- Dairy Production Stabilization Act of 1983, 7 U.S.C. §§ 4501-4514
Pennsylvania:
Pennsylvania statutes are accessible online through the Unofficial Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes website. Be aware that this information is subject to change as a result of subsequent amendments. Please consult an attorney if you are in need of the most up-to-date statutory information.
- Milk Marketing Law, 31 Pa. Stat. Ann. §§ 700j-101 — 700j-1204
Regulations
Federal:
- Agriculture Marketing Service, 7 C.F.R. §§ 1000-1199
Case Law
Federal:
Legislative Activity
For an explanation to facilitate reading of legislative bills click here.
Proposed State Legislation (2011-2012 Session):
- Pennsylvania
- Senate Bill 993, An act amending the Milk Marketing Law (renaming the administration agency; further providing for definitions, for appointment and terms of members and quorum and for the Bureau of Consumer Affairs; providing for milk distributors; further providing for records, for reports, for requisites of orders fixing price of milk and for prices to producers; providing for title to milk; further providing for price increases, for expenses and for payment; establishing the Producer Settlement Fund; and repealing provisions relating to the Joint Study Committee).
Federal Legislative Hearings:
- U.S. House of Representatives
- Review Dairy Policy (Committee on Agriculture Field Hearing in Harrisburg, PA, Apr. 2010)
- Russell C. Redding (Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA)
- Jim Dunn, Ph.D. (Prof. of Agricultural Economics, Penn State University, University Park, PA)
- Review Dairy Policy (Committee on Agriculture Field Hearing in Harrisburg, PA, Apr. 2010)
Government Agencies
U.S. Department of Agriculture:
- Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS)
- Economic Research Service (ERS)
- Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)
State Resources:
- Pennsylvania
- Other States
- California Department of Food and Agriculture: Dairy Programs
- Idaho State Department of Agriculture
- Maryland Center for Milk Control
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture: Dairy Program
- New York Department of Agriculture: Division of Milk Control and Dairy Services
- Ohio Department of Agriculture: Dairy Division
- Vermont Milk Commission
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services: State Milk Commission
- Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board
Private Organizations:
Domestic Publications
Government Publications:
- USDA Publications
- Questions and Answers Concerning Dairy Forward Pricing Program
- Dairy: World Markets and Trade (2012)
- Trade Liberalization in International Dairy Markets: Estimated Impacts (2006)
- Economic Effects of U.S. Dairy Policy and Alternative Approaches to Milk Pricing (2004)
- Milk Pricing in the United States (2001)
- The Structure of Dairy Markets: Past, Present, Future (1997)
- Congressional Research Service Reports
- Dairy Policy Proposals in the 2012 Farm Bill (Sept. 18, 2012)
- Dairy Farm Support: Legislative Proposals in the 112th Congress (Oct. 28, 2011)
- Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill (Mar. 4, 2011)
- Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill (Dec. 17, 2010)
- Consolidation and Concentration in the U.S. Dairy Industry (Apr. 27, 2010)
- Dairy Pricing Issues (Nov. 6, 2009)
- Dairy Market and Policy Issues (Oct. 7, 2009)
- Dairy Policy and the 2008 Farm Bill (Jan. 22, 2009)
- Dairy Policy Issues (May 2, 2007)
- Other Government Publications
- State Milk Commissions and Supportive Dairy Organizations to Grow the Dairy Industry
(Kentucky Dairy Development Council, 2008) - Dairy Industry: Information on Milk Prices, Factors Affecting Prices, and Dairy Policy Options
(U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2004)
- State Milk Commissions and Supportive Dairy Organizations to Grow the Dairy Industry
- U.S. Dairy Export Council
University Publications:
- Dairy Situation and Outlook, May 2011, Bob Cropp (Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2011)
- Dairy Policy Issues for the 2012 Farm Bill (University of Missouri Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute/University of Wisconsin Dairy Policy Alliance, 2010)
- Dairy Policy Briefs (University of Missouri Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute/University of Wisconsin Dairy Policy Alliance, 2010)
- Basic Milk Pricing Concepts for Dairy Farmers (University of Wisconsin, 2008)
- The U.S. Dairy Industry and International Trade in Dairy Products (New Mexico State University, 2005)
- Federal Milk Marketing Orders (University of Georgia, 1998)
- The Role of Domestic Market Price Regulations in International Trade: The Case of Dairy Policy in the United States (University of California, Davis, 1998)
- Marketing and Pricing of Milk and Dairy Products in the United States (Penn State University, 1997)
- Procedures for Developing, Issuing and Amending a Federal Milk Marketing Order (Cornell University, 1995)
Journal Articles:
Some of these articles may be available at a law library or accessible online for those with LexisNexis, Westlaw, or other electronic database accounts. Some hyperlinks may only be available for those users with access to HeinOnline.
- Milk Marketing Order Litigation, 11 AGRIC. L. UPDATE 4-7 (1994).
- Status of Regional Dairy Compacts, 17 AGRIC. L. UPDATE 4 (2000).
- Law Review Articles
- D.C. Circuit Rejects Challenge to Milk Regulation. — Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (Per Curiam), Reh'g En Banc Denied, No. 11-5065 (D.C. Cir. June 21, 2012), 126 HARV. L. REV. 1146 (2013).
- Allison Q. Gerhart, Dormant Commerce Clause Implications of Pennsylvania Dairy Regulations, 19 PENN ST. ENVTL. L. REV. 361 (2011).
- Ashley A. Allred, No Longer Crying Over Surplus Milk: The Dairy Price Stabilization Program Act of 2010, 20 SAN JOAQUIN AGRIC. L. REV. 31 (2010-11).
- Chad Kumagai & H. Maxwell Kopper, Crying Over Spilt Milk: Recognizing Hawaii’s Unique State Characteristics in the Context of the Dormant Commerce Clause, 32 U. HAW. L. REV. 513 (2010).
- Damian C. Adams ET AL., Déjà Moo: Is the Return to Public Sale of Raw Milk Udder Nonsense? 13 DRAKE J. AGRIC. L. 305 (2008).
- Solving California’s Milk Crisis, Geoffrey M. Adalian, 11 San Joaquin Agric. L. Rev. 87 (2001).
- Milk Orders: Selected Topics, Vincent A. Foley, Comment, 31 South Dakota L. Rev. 406-415 (1986).
- A Summary: Political and Economic Analysis of Milk Marketing, Snyder, 2 Agricultural L. J. 297-361 (1980).
- Federal Milk Order Regulations: A Defense, Alagia, 24 South Dakota L. Rev. 592-606 (1979).
- Federal Milk Regulation — A Time for Administrative Reform, Ring, 31 Admin. L. Rev. 345-366 (1979).
- The Pricing Policies and Goals of Federal Milk Order Regulations: Time for Reevaluation, Robert T. Masson & Phillip M. Eisenstat, 23 South Dakota L. Rev. 662-697 (1978).
- State Regulation of Milk Producer Pricing and Sales in California, Steven E. Hopkinson, Comment, 11U.C.D. L. Rev. 491-510 (1978).
- Federal Milk Marketing Orders: A Fair Return to the Dairy Farmer Is Not Undue Price Enhancement, Alagia, 21 South Dakota L. Rev. 591-618 (1976).
- Agriculture-Section 8c(5)(G) of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act Prohibits Federal Milk Marketing Orders from Requiring Compensatory Payments That Constitute Trade Barriers [Lehigh Valey Co-op. Farmers, Inc. v. U.S., 82 S. Ct. 1168], Case Note, 111 Univ. Pennsylvania L. Rev. 497-515 (1963).
- Restrictions on the Free Movement of Fluid Milk Under Federal Milk Marketing Orders, Hutt, 37 Univ. Detroit L. J. 525-604 (1960).
- Some Problems of Farmers in Fluid Milk Marketing, Gage, 7 Kansas L. Rev. 311-333 (1959).
- The Pricing of Milk Under Federal Marketing Orders, Neil Brooks, 26 George Washington L. Rev. 181-213 (1958).
- Economics Journal Articles
- Federal Regulation of Milk Production and Sale Is Growing at the Expense of State Authority, Baumer, 12 J. Agricultural Taxation & Law 36-77 (1990).
- Government's Role in Milk Pricing: Then and Now: Discussion, Peter G. Helmberger, 66 American J. Agricultural Economics 780-781 (1984).
- Government's Role in Milk Pricing: Then and Now: Discussion, Richard G. Heifner, 66 American J. Agricultural Economics 778-779 (1984).
- Government's Role in Milk Pricing: Then and Now: Discussion, Ronald D. Knutson, 66 American J. Agricultural Economics 776-777 (1984).
- Buttering up Congress and Milking Consumers, Smith, 1982 Bus. & Society Rev. 34-39 (1982).
- Social Cost of Government Regulation of Milk, R.A. Ippolito & R.T. Masson, 21 J. L. & Economics 33-65 (1978).
- Legal Symposia
- Symposium Introduction: Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, 5 San Joaquin Agric. L. Rev.1-178 (1995).
- An Overview of Federal Milk Marketing Orders, Lois B. Osler. (pp. 67-71)
- The Battle Is On: Interactions Between Marketing Orders and the Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity, Comment. (pp. 149-177)
- California-Arizona Citrus Marketing Orders: Examples of Failed Attempts to Regulate Markets for Agricultural Commodities, Comment. (pp. 119-148)
- The Economic Rationale for Marketing Orders, Daniel I. Padberg & Charles Hall. (pp. 73-87)
- Marketing Orders and the Administrative Process: Fitting Round Fruit into Square Baskets, Pineles. (pp. 89-118)
- The Promulgation and Implementation of Federal Marketing Orders Regulating Fruit and Vegetable Crops Under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, Daniel Bensing. (pp. 3-47)
- Symposium Introductory Remarks: Agricultural Law, 18 Hamline L. Rev. 305-570 (1995).
- Adjusting the Minimum Price of Milk: the Secretary of Agriculture's Sweeping Powers After ...(Lansing Dairy, Inc. v. Espy, 39 F.3d 1339, 7th Cir. 1994), John J. Kastner, Case Note, (pp. 477-502)
- Milk, State Taxes, State Subsidies, and the Commerce Clause: When States Cannot Tax an Agricultural Commodity to Fund a Subsidy for Its Struggling Industries, (West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, 114 S. Ct. 2205, 1994), William L. Oemichen, (pp. 415-430)
- Symposium Introduction: Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, 5 San Joaquin Agric. L. Rev.1-178 (1995).
International Resources
International Governmental Resources:
- Australian Department of Agriculture
- USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: Australia Dairy and Products Semi-Annual Report (2010)
- Dairy Industry Association of Australia
- Canadian Dairy Information Centre
- Dairy Farmers of Canada
- European Commission: Commission report on phasing-out milk quotas
- European Dairy Association
- India Ministry of Agriculture: National Dairy Development Board
- Ireland Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine: Dairy
- Israel Dairy Board
- Dutch Dairy Board
- New Zealand
- United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs: Milk
International Non-Governmental Resources:
- International Dairy Foods Association
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Milk and Milk Products (2007)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Agriculture, Trade and the Environment: The Dairy Sector
- Dairy Policy Reform and Trade Liberalization (2005)
- Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020
International Publications:
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
- Report of the Twenty-First Session of the Intergovernmental Group on Meat and Dairy Products (2006)
- Developing Countries and the Global Dairy Sector Part II: Country Case Studies, Vivien Knipps (Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative, 2006)
- Import Surges of Dairy and Poultry Products: Lessons Learned (Committee on Commodity Problems: Intergovernmental Group on Meat and Dairy Products, 2006)
- Developing Countries and the Global Dairy Sector Part 1: Global Overview (2005)
- FAO Corporate Document Repository: Dairy Products (2003)
- Agricultural Commodities: Profiles and Relevant WTO Negotiating Issues (2002)
- Dairy Development and Internal Dairy Marketing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Performance, Policies and Options (1984)
- Country-Specific Publications
- Agriculture and Food Economy in Poland (2009)
- Agriculture and Food Economy in Poland (2008)
- Basic Mechanism of U.S. and Japanese Dairy Policies and Milk Market Models (Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries)
- The Chinese Dairy Sector: Interregional and International Trade Patterns (Implications for Modeling, Markets, and Development Policy), Department of Applied Economics and Management (Cornell University, 2007)
- Dairy Research in South America (International Dairy Federation, 2007)
- Dairy Marketing in Sub-Saharan Africa (1990)
- Other Publications
- Phasing Out Milk Quotas in the EU, DEP’T FOR ENV., FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS (2008)
- Dairy: Assessing World Markets and Policy Reforms: Implications for Developing Countries (World Bank, 2005)
- Supply Management in the Dairy Sector, Still an Appropriate Regulation Method (Department of Agri-Food Economics and Consumer Sciences, Laval University, 2004)
- The Definition of Export Subsidies and the Agreement on Agriculture (World Bank, 2000)
- International Law Journal Articles
- Around the World in Eighty Centiliters, Chen, 15 Minn. J. Int’l L. 1 (2006).
- Milk and Livestock Quotas as Property, Cardwell, 4 Edinburgh L. Rev. 168-190 (2000).
- The SPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization and the International Trade of Dairy Products, 54 Food and Drug L.J. 55 (1999).
- Improper Milk Levies by the European Commission, Heukels, 30 Common Mkt L. Rev. 368-386 (1993).
- Saskatoon Auction Mart: Milk Quotas and Finally Some Commercial Reality, Mercier, 22 Canadian Business L. J. 466-476 (1993).
- Apportionment of Milk Quota, Agnew, 37 J. L. Society Scotland 29-32 (1992).
- General Principles of Community Law and Milk Quotas, Cardwell, 29 Common Market L. R. 723-747 (1992).
Links
Penn State Resources:
Pennsylvania Resources:
- Dairy Policy Action Coalition
- Pennsylvania Center for Dairy Excellence
- Professional Dairy Managers of Pennsylvania
National Resources:
- Credit and Finance Risk Analysis: Dairy Prices, Dairy Industry & Dairy Commodities Markets
- Federal Marketing Orders and Agreements (National Agricultural Law Center)
- Understanding Dairy Markets (University of Wisconsin)
- U.S. Dairy Export Council